Table 3 EMs and their specific roles in plant growth promotion

Bacteria

Rhizobium sp., Bradyrhizobium sp.

Symbiosis (legume-rhizobium)

1. N₂-fixation

[11, 13, 15, 76]

Bacteria

Azospirillum sp., Azotobacter sp.

Asymbiotic (non-legume)

1. N₂-fixation

[14, 16, 17, 76]

Bacteria

Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp. (Bacillus subtilis)

Rhizospheric soil

1. Biocontrol agent

[15, 77]

Fungi

Trichoderma viride

Bacteria

Bacillus sp.(B. subtilis, B. megaterium, B. mucilaginosus)

Pseudomonas sp., P. fluorescens

Rhizospheric soil

1. Phosphate solubilisation

2. N₂-fixation

[15, 18, 70, 77]

Fungi

Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.

Yeast

Candida tropicalis

1. Phosphate solubilisation

[77]

Fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

Symbiotic

1. Provided tolerance to host plants against various stressful situations (heat, salinity, drought, metals and extreme temperatures)

[78]

Actinomycetes

Streptomyces sp.

Rhizospheric soil

1. Production of antibiotics, siderophores, antimicrobial enzymes, plant growth promoting substances

2. Phosphate solubilisation

[79, 80]