Human metabolic effects of BPA and the application of a hybrid photocatalytic membrane for BPA contaminated water

Table 2 Occurrences of Bisphenol A in different water sources worldwide

Surface and potable water sources	Bisphenol A concentrations	Location	References
All rivers country-wide	0.5 to 16 ng L⁻¹	Germany	[125]
Elba River	4000 to 92,000 ng L⁻¹	Germany	[133]
River water samples	21,000 ng L⁻¹	Netherlands	[134]
Houston Ship Canal	0.08 mg L⁻¹	Texas, United States	[135]
Taihu	8.5 to 97 ng L⁻¹	China	[136]
16 major rivers	0.01 to 44.65 μg L⁻¹	Taiwan	[137]
Inanam River	below detection level to 4.008 µg L⁻¹	Malaysia	[138]
Bentong River	1.13 ± 0.4 and 5.52 ± 1.7 ng L⁻¹	Malaysia	[139]
Langat River	1.4 to 87.5 ng L⁻¹	Malaysia	[117]
Tap water	3.5 to 59.8 ng L⁻¹	Malaysia	[117]
Tap water	3.0 to 12 ng L⁻¹	Taipei, Taiwan	[116]
Tap water	2.3 to 317 ng L⁻¹	Guangzhou, China	[121]
Drinking water	below detection level to 38 ng L⁻¹	Taiwan	[140]
Drinking water	2 to 128 ng L⁻¹	China	[123]
Bottled water	0.07 to 4.21 g dm⁻³	China	[130]
Bottled mineral water	17.6 to 324 ng L⁻¹	Guangzhou, China	[121]
Bottled water	4.6 ng L⁻¹	Greece	[110]
Drinking water	0.00001 to 0.02883 ng L⁻¹	South Africa	[141]

ISSN: 2468-2039