Table 7 Comparison between biodegradation treatment and photocatalytic membrane

Efficiency

Up to 90% effectiveness, dependent on microbial activity

Efficient degradation with the potential to bring BPA levels below detection limits

Cost-effectiveness

Generally cost-effective, but operational and maintenance costs may vary

Initial setup costs might be higher, but energy-efficient and potentially cost-effective in the long run

Environmental impact

Generally, environmentally friendly, but by-products and sensitivity to environmental conditions can be factors

Minimal environmental impact with proper design, as it relies on light activation for catalysis

Scalability

Can be scalable but may require optimization for different water sources

Can be designed for scalability with consistent performance across various water sources

Practical feasibility

Generally practical but may require careful monitoring and adjustment

Practical and potentially more versatile, especially with the integration of membrane technology, offering concurrent oxidation and separation